The Revolt of 1857, often called India’s First War of Independence, had multiple causes. Among them, the political causes were significant and played a central role in sparking discontent. This blog discusses ten critical political causes of the revolt, highlighting their background and impact on Indian society.
1. Doctrine of Lapse
One of the most contentious policies was the Doctrine of Lapse, introduced by Lord Dalhousie. Under this policy, if a ruler died without a male heir, their kingdom would be annexed by the British. States like Jhansi, Satara, and Nagpur faced annexation under this doctrine. Rani Lakshmibai’s kingdom of Jhansi was taken away after her adopted son was not recognized as the heir. This policy caused widespread resentment among Indian rulers and fueled anger against British rule.
2. Annexation of Awadh
In 1856, Awadh (Oudh) was annexed by the British under the pretext of mismanagement. This decision alienated both the ruling class and the general population of Awadh. The Nawab of Awadh, Wajid Ali Shah, was dethroned, which angered the local aristocracy. Additionally, peasants and soldiers who relied on the Nawab’s patronage were left jobless, further deepening resentment.
3. Disrespect Towards Indian Princes
The British often treated Indian rulers with disrespect, undermining their authority. Treaties were violated, and rulers were humiliated. The Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was informed that his descendants would have to vacate the Red Fort and live elsewhere. This treatment of Indian royalty deeply hurt the sentiments of the nobility and the public.
4. Subsidiary Alliance
Introduced by Lord Wellesley in 1798, the Subsidiary Alliance was another political strategy that caused unrest. Under this policy, Indian rulers had to accept British forces in their territories and pay for their maintenance. States that failed to pay had to cede territory to the British. This alliance eroded the sovereignty of Indian rulers and created dissatisfaction among them.
5. Corruption in Administration
The British administration was plagued by corruption and inefficiency, further alienating Indian rulers and the general population. British officials exploited their positions, often disrespecting local customs and traditions. This created a sense of injustice among the people, adding to the growing unrest against British rule.
6. Policy of Economic Exploitation
The British policies aimed to maximize their economic gains, often at the expense of Indian rulers. Land revenue settlements like the Permanent Settlement and the Ryotwari System stripped landlords and peasants of their economic stability. The economic hardship faced by the people created a fertile ground for rebellion, which was also politically motivated.
7. Reduction of Privileges for Nobility
The British systematically reduced the privileges and powers of the nobility and zamindars, who had enjoyed significant authority under earlier regimes. The reduction of jagirs (land grants) and pensions weakened their economic and social standing. This class, which had traditionally supported the ruling authorities, turned against the British.
8. Dismissal of Sepoys’ Concerns
The Indian sepoys in the British army faced discrimination and were often treated poorly. They were paid less than their British counterparts and were not given promotions or respect. This political disregard for the sentiments of Indian soldiers, who formed the backbone of the British military in India, was a significant cause of the revolt.
9. Religious and Cultural Interference
The British interference in Indian religious and cultural practices was perceived as an attack on Indian identity. Policies like the Abolition of Sati (1829) and the Widow Remarriage Act (1856) were seen as intrusive by many conservative Indians. Although these reforms had progressive intentions, their imposition without cultural sensitivity angered many Indians and added to the political discontent.
10. Suppression of Local Revolts
Several local revolts preceded the uprising of 1857, such as the Santhal and Munda rebellions. These uprisings were brutally suppressed by the British, creating widespread resentment. The harsh measures taken to crush dissent made people across India view the British as oppressive rulers, which contributed to the larger political uprising in 1857.
Conclusion
The political causes of the Revolt of 1857 reveal the systematic erosion of Indian sovereignty under British rule. Policies like the Doctrine of Lapse and Subsidiary Alliance undermined Indian rulers, while the annexation of states like Awadh alienated both rulers and the public. Disrespect towards Indian traditions and nobility further fueled resentment. Together, these factors created a volatile environment that culminated in the revolt, marking a turning point in India’s struggle for independence.